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Lower BMI (Crowe, 2013), less caloric intake (Farmer, 2011)

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Less risk for obesity or overweight (Berkow, 2006, Fraser, 2009)

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Less incidence or risk of type 2 diabetes (Tonstad, 2011,2013; Jardine, 2021)

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lower fasting insulin levels, ↓ fasting glucose levels, ↓ intramyocellular lipid, and better insulin sensitivity (Cui, 2019,Matsumoto, 2019; Szabo, 2021)

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Less risk for dementia, better mood scores,  less depression (Giem, 1993; Beezhold, 2010; Beezhold, 2014; Link, 2009; Shen, 2021)

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Less CHD/IHD (Fraser, 1999, 2009), CVD and CVD/IHD mortality (Key, 1999, Fraser, 2009; Glenn, 2019) . Vegans  (male) showed better protection for all-cause mortality, IHD, and CVD (Le, 2014). 

 

Less all cause mortality (Orlich, 2013)

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Less cerebrovascular disease or stroke (Kwok, 2014; Kappagoda, 2006; Chiu 2020)

 

Lower incidence of high blood pressure (Crowe, 2013)

 

Lower pro-inflammatory and immune markers like pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, C-reactive protein (Craddock, 2019; Yu. 2014; Franco-de-Moraes, 2017;  Shah, 2019; Fontana, 2007; Haghighatdoost, 2015; Paalani, 2011; Eichelmann, 2016; Menzel, 2020)

 

Less all cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD)  patients  (Chauveau, 2019) 

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Some of the highest disease fighting biomarkers, increase in phytochemicals/antioxidants (Craig, 2009; Miles, 2019)

 

Increased fiber intake (Rizzo, 2013)

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Less diverticulitis (Crowe, 2011),

 

More nutrient density (Farmer, 2011)

 

Lower pathogenic dietary factors: saturated fat, cholesterol, LDL-C (Dewell, 2008; Craig, 2010) 

 

Less production of TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), and HO-1 (heme-oxygenase-1), both atherosclerotic risk factors (Chiu, 2020; Xu, 2010;Cinegaglia, 2020)

 

Similar bone health to omnivores with adequate calcium (Mangel, 2014). ) ↑ in plant-based foods = ↑ BMD (Berg, 2020; Karavasiloglou, 2020)

 

Less gallstones/disease (Pixley, 1985; Chang, 2019)         

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Less incidence of gout (Chiu, 2020)

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Less incidence of hypo and hyperthyroidism (Tonstad, 2013; Tonstad, 2015)

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Less Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (Jung, 2013; Zhang, 2021; Wenzl, 2021)

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Less pollutants in vegan diet (organochlorine concentrations) (Arguin, 2010)

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Less long term hospitalization/medical costs/medication usage (Crowe, 2013; Knutsen,1994; Lin, 2019;Dos Santos, 2021)

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Increase in longevity (Le, 2014; Orlich, 2013; Key, 1999; Liu, 2020)

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Less cancer (overall 10-14% reduced risk) (Lanou, 2010; Watling, 2022)

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Less insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (Allen, 2000; Allen, 2002)

 

Increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels (metabolic benefits for weight control, diabetes, cancer, longevity, ↓ IGF-I) (Castaño-Martinez, 2019; McCarty, 2014)

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Some of the highest  gut equol production (a soy isoflavone metabolite with anti-cancer properties) (Barnard, 2021; Wu, 2016; Setchell, 2006)

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Lower antibiotic  resistant gene load in the gut in vegans (antimicrobial usage causes selection for and enhancement of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the human gut and may spread to other strains including human pathogens) (Lossasso, 2018; Milanović, 2019)

Significant research suggests favorable or positive effects from plant based diets on most chronic diseases or disease risk factors:

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CHD/CAD (Koertge, 2003, Esselstyn, 2014)

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CVD Risk Factors (Rees, 2021; Chiu, 2022)                                                                           

Hypertension (Berkow, 2005; Lindahl, 1984)

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Diabetes (Trapp, 2010; McMacken, 2017; Kelly, 2020)

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Diabetic neuropathy (Crane,1994)

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Renal Disease/chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Cases,2019; Joshi, 2020)

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Obesity (Gardener, 2005, McDougall, 2014)

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Metabolic syndrome (Turner-McGrievy, 2014;Marrone, 2021)

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Some cancers (Fraser, 2009, Lanou, 2010)

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Depression and quality of life (Agarwal, 2014) 

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (Alwarith, 2019)    

 

Osteoarthritis (Clinton, 2015)

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Reducing inflammatory markers (Sutliffe, 2015; Shaw, 2017; Elkan, 2008)

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Reducing Advanced Glycation End Products which create oxidative stress and inflammation (Kahleova, 2022)

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Menopausal Symptoms (Barnard, 2021)

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Parkinson’s Disease (Baroni,2015)